Principles of first mover and late mover theory

Principles of first mover and late mover theory When companies need to decide whether to go ahead with a brand new un-marketed product and create it or review a similar product already in markets from other companies, they adopt the principle of the first-mover theory or the late-mover theory to make their decision. First Mover Theory Late Mover Theory: A Comparison Introduction Companies across the country are consistently being faced with tough decisions regarding business moves to make that will launch them forward in a new competitive market. There are two types of marketing strategies that companies look into when they want to diversify into a different product market. The first approach is called the first mover theory and the second is called the late mover theory. Both of these strategies have strengths and weaknesses that can either solidify or act as a detriment to the companys entry into the market. First Mover Theory Advantages The potential advantages of the first mover theory are numerous. For one, the corporation has the ability to attain exclusive company-product association. It can also find success through the effects of networking and see a rise in consumption as demand grows. First mover theory can help the company determine economies of scale and it can also lock the consumers up into the market, creating an exclusive customer base before additional competition enters. Several examples of success of this first mover theory are three products by the same manufacturer. The first was the Apple Ipod, Apple Iphone and Apple Ipad. Also included in this success story is E-Bay, the first to bring buying and selling into an online auction forum. First Mover Theory Disadvantages There are potentially just as many risks or disadvantages to this theory as well, and they must be taken in consideration before evaluating whether the company can afford to launch. One fallback is that this method does not always ensure long-term profits. Another risk is that competition has time to analyze market trends for the first product and capitalize on its weaknesses to strengthen response to their own product. Competitors can also specifically tailor the new product to consumer wants based on demographic surveys. The biggest risk of all is uncertainty of the market and whether or not the product will even be a success in the first place. Some examples of companies who suffered at the expense of corporations who capitalized on the late mover theory include Chux Diapers, who were surpassed by Proctor and Gambles Pampers. America Online is another company who fell by the wayside after taking a completely different spin on internet browsing. Other examples include web browsers such as Viola, who even pre-dated America Online. Most recently to succumb to the late mover theory was MySpace, recently surpassed in the social networking arena by Facebook. Late Mover Theory Advantages Like the first mover theory, there are many advantages of the late mover theory. By implementing this strategy, one advantage the company has is the ability to perfect the product before putting it on the market. The companies can also use demographic surveys to help them know how to tailor their product to their audience, which can maximize sale of the product. In addition, the late mover theory can also use its knowledge of the product to reduce production cost, making it more cost effective for the consumer. Also, it can market and develop the product to appeal to a wider array of consumers than that for which the original product was designed. There are a lot of prime examples of companies who have seen success by implementing the late mover theory. Some include Gillette, Facebook, Pampers disposable diapers, and Internet Explorer. All of these corporations have capitalized on companies who took the initial risk of implementing the first mover theory. Late Mover Theory Disadvantages As with anything, there are also potential risks and disadvantages. Because it is a late-comer into the market, it does not have established brand association. If proper research into the market is not done, it can also be attempting to capitalize on a dying product in general. A significant risk of late mover theory is creating a product that can potentially alienate customers if added features are superfluous rather than necessary. Late mover theory can also prove to be detrimental if timing into the market is not done correctly which can cause the product to suffer from the problem of uncertain necessity. Some of the companies who failed by this policy were Hummer, and their attempt to capitalize on what they did not realize was the dying trend of suburban utility vehicles. Two dichotomies, Pepsi Cola and Nestle Crunch are examples of both the success and failure of late mover theory. While they continue to do well on the market, neither Pepsi Cola nor Nestle Crunch has outperformed sales or the brand association that Coca Cola and Hersheys Chocolate bar have developed within their customer base. The same can be seen in the case of McDonalds vs. Rallys. Conclusions While late mover theory, by history, seems to be a safer method to guarantee profit success, it does not have the benefit of brand association that first mover theory establishes for the company. If the corporation eventually hopes to create brand loyalty and increase their revenue in that manner, first mover theory may genuinely be the key to success. However, if the companys goal is to be come a competitive organization in the consumer market and capitalize on different trends with instant revenue gratification, then late mover theory might be more beneficial. The final decision is contingent upon assessing the target demographic and results goal that the company is striving to achieve.

Federalists and Jeffersonian Republicans on French Revolution

Federalists and Jeffersonian Republicans on French Revolution The Federalists wanted to remain neutral regarding the issue of French Revolution in order to avoid to a trade conflict with Britain. However, the Jeffersonian Republicans wanted to help France achieve independence from a cruel monarchy and help the Frenchmen support the idea of freedom just like the United States. The Federalist Party was led by Alexander Hamilton.Federalists favored a strong federal government, believed that the government should be ruled by educated, wealthy men, wanted to pay off national debt, establishing a national credit, promoted entrepreneurship & manufacturing, and interpreted the United States Constitution with an open mind. These views supported the Federalists’ view on the French Revolution and so did Jefferson’s party. Thomas Jefferson led his party known as the Jeffersonian Republicans.The Jeffersonian Republicans supported the idea of government ruled by informed men, bel ieved in a strong state government, wanted to cultivate an economy by cultivating crops, and followed the U. S. Constitution verbatim. Jefferson’s party too had an opinion on the French Revolution. Hamilton and Jefferson supported their party’s views. The Federalists wanted to remain neutral to avoid a sanction from Britain on American goods because they were highly concerned about paying off the national debt and ensure a strong economy by exporting manufactured goods.Conversely, Jeffersonian Republicans and his leader, an author of the Declaration of Independence, supported the motif of the French Revolution and believed that the Americans should support one similar to theirs. In conclusion, the Federalist Party wanted to remain neutral regarding the issue of French Revolution to avoid a sanction from Britain. Though, the Jeffersonian Republicans supported the French citizens to remove a feudal system, revolt against a tyranny and achieve independence similar to Amer ica.

Are individuals Mental Health issues treated fairly by the Criminal Justice System - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1725 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Cause and effect essay Level High school Tags: Criminal Justice Essay Justice Essay Did you like this example? Are individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s with Mental Health issues treated fairly by the Criminal Justice System? 1500 words. In this essay I will examine how individuals with mental health issues are treated by the Criminal Justice System and whether in modern day society it would be deemed fairly. The Mental Health Act of 1983 defined mental health issues as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“mental illness, arrested or incomplete development of mind, psychopathic disorder and any other disorder or disability of mind[1] A more modern definition is a wide variety of mental conditions that affect a persons, mood, mind-set and behaviour. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Are individuals Mental Health issues treated fairly by the Criminal Justice System?" essay for you Create order An example of a mental health condition is schizophrenia described as a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“long term mental disorder leading to a breakdown between thought, emotion and behaviour causing faulty perceptions and inappropriate actions and feelingsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ .[2] Historically there has always been a stigma attached to mental à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“issuesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Society as a whole express common stereotypes about people with mental illness and how it changes them. They believe they are violent and pose a risk to others. On the contrary these people are more likely to be attacked or self-harm, than to harm another. A lack of employment and long term relationships, poor quality of life and social isolation have all been linked to mental health. By being victim to discrimination and negative stereotypes sufferers find themselves trapped in a cycle of illness.[3] In 1845 the Lunacy Act was passed, this put pressure on counties to provide asylum for people suffering from mental health issues where they could be treated as patients and not prisoners. By 1990 nearly seventy asylums had been opened nationwide.[4] The mental health act of 1983 updated in 2007 is the law in the United Kingdom that allows a person with a mental à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“disorderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  to receive medical treatment and be admitted to medical facilities / hospitals without their consent. This will be done when there is a concern for their wellbeing or the safety of the people around them. There are different sections of the act under which patients can be admitted, treated or detained. When someone is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“sectionedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  they will be admitted to hospital with or without their consent. There are three types of professionals trained to deal with patients under the mental health act. Firstly mental health professions such as social workers or therapists whose role is to decide who needs to be admitted to hospitals. Secondly clinicians who will have overall responsibil ity for someone who has been sectioned. Finally doctors who are highly trained in the diagnosis and treatment of mental health illnesses. By having a structured systems of roles, systems and procedures for the recognition and treatment of mental health issues it ensures patients receive only the best care tailored for their individual needs. The Criminal Justice System is the process that punishes criminals and compensates the victims of crime. The aim of the Criminal Justice System is to ensure what is morally à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“rightà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  is upheld within the standards set out by the law. The Criminal Justice System encounters people suffering from mental health issues on a regular basis in a variety of roles. To establish whether they are treated fairly I will be looking at mental health suffers as suspects of a crime, witnesses, victims and finally prisoners within the United Kingdom. The purpose of the police is to maintain law and order in society. When a cr ime is committed it falls to the police to record and investigate it. The majority of society will only have a very limited involvement with the police. However when there is contact between people suffering from mental health issues and the police a slightly different approach may be needed. Special schemes can be put on any address if there is reason to believe the person residing at the address is at risk. A special scheme will cause any emergency call to be rated high risk and more than one police unit will be dispatched. The special scheme will contain information about the address and resident designed to assist the attending officers. Total victim care is a relatively new concept utilised by the Metropolitan Police, intended to raise the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“customerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  satisfaction level of people who come in contact with them. One way of doing this is by providing contact details of outside agencies that can be of assistance. For people with mental health issue s this may bring to light help groups that before had been unknown to them. If someone is the suspect of a crime an interview will be conducted to ascertain their potential involvement. If someone suffers from mental health and is deemed à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“vulnerableà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and unfit to be interviewed without assistance an appropriate adult will be required. Their role will be to assist the detained person to ensure they understand what is happening and the purpose of the interview. In addition they will aid communication between the police and the person and ensure their legal rights are respected. If someone is charged with a crime their case will usually be heard at court. Victims or witnesses may have to give evidence in the presence and hearing of the person guilty of the crime. In any situation this is a daunting prospect even more so for people suffering from a mental illness. The victim or witness can give evidence via video link instead of being present in the co urt room, if this is not suitable special screens can be put up during the trial to hide the personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s appearance. Having a mental illness does not mean you cannot be guilty of an offence, however it must be proved that the person was aware of their actions and the likely consequences. There are two defences available to defendants with a recognised mental illness. The first defence is diminished responsibility, available for murder cases. If successful it will reduce the conviction to manslaughter. The defence was introduced by the Homicide Act 1957. To be eligible the defendant must be able to prove: At the time of committing the offence they had an à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“abnormality of mental functioning caused by a recognised medical conditionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Which provides an explanation as to their part in the killing. Which impaired their ability to: Understand their behaviour. Make a rational decision. Show self-control.[5] Another available defence is insanity, available for all offences. If someone is found to be insane the court verdict will be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“not guilty by reason of insanityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Initially this would mean automatic admittance to a secure facility where release could only be granted by the home secretary. Now if an offence is fixed by law such as murder detention is automatic. In any other case it will be up to the judge. [6] By having defences such as the above it allows suffers of mental health to receive reduced convictions and sentences if it is deemed they did not have the mens rea (guilty mind) when they committed the offence. This recognises the fact that due to their à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“abnormality of mental functioningà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  they should not be treated as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“guiltyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  as a person of sound mind. In the last ten years the percentage of prisoners in the UK suffering from mental health issues has increased significantly. In 2006 th e task of looking after their health care was passed to the National Health Service, their goal to provide the same access to health services as the general public. The NHS provided specialist teams to work with prisoners suffering from mental health problems. This has increased the quality of mental health care being provided. However a lack of guidance and the ever changing prison populations has proved difficult. In addition due to a lack of trained staff and overcrowding in prisons there is substantial evidence to suggest that prisons are failing to reduce offending and that the social and financial costs are not proportionate. Not all prisons have a 24/7 care facility. Reports have indicated that if they do they spend the majority of their resources on inmates with mental health problems. If a detained person requires treatment under the Mental Health Act, they will be transported to an NHS Hospital as the act does not allow for treatment to be administered in a prison. Outside agencies will carry out mental health assessments for inmates if required, unfortunately due to a lack of communication between the agencies previous records may not be shared. This can cause multiple initial assessments to be carried out and existing mental health conditions to remain undiagnosed. The existence of trained staff, medical facilities and treatment available to prisoners for the diagnosis, treatment and aftercare of mental health issues in prison all support the case that people with mental health issues are treated fairly in that section of the criminal justice system. However as highlighted there are still issues in existence primarily due to a lack of funding and trained staff. [7] To conclude I have looked at the existence of mental health issues in the criminal justice system and the many forms they take. From the start to the finish of the system there are procedures and processes to ensure that mental health illnesses are diagnosed, recognised, t reated and taken into consideration when appropriate. Because of this there is more evidence than not to suggest people with mental health issues are treated fairly within the system. Although more work is needed to ensure the processes put in place are more efficient and better suited to the task the face. Word Count Word Count 1500 +10% allowance (150) = 1645 words. References 1. The National Archives à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Mental Health Act 1983. www.legislation.gov.uk. Oxford University Dictionary 2015. www.oxforddictionaries.com. Mental Health Foundation Stigma and Discrimination. www.mentalhealth.org.uk. History of the Asylum. www.thetimechamber.co.uk. Centre for Mental Health Mental Health and the Criminal Justice System. www.centreformentalhealth.org.uk. *Please note this reference was used throughout the prisons section*. Jack Lyle 09/06/1994 [1] The National Archives. (1983).Mental Health Act 1983.Available: www.legislation.gov.uk. Last accessed 11th May 2015. [2] Oxford University. (2015).Schizophrenia.Available: www.oxforddictionaries.com. Last accessed 11th May 2015. [3] Mental Health Foundation. (2015).Stigma and Discrimination. Available: www.mentalhealth.org.uk. Last accessed 12th May 2015. [4] History of the Asylum (2007).Available: www.thetimechamber.co.uk. Last accessed 12th May 2015. [5] E-Law Resources. (2008).Diminished Responsibility.Available: www.e-lawresources.co.uk/Diminished-responsibility. Last accessed 21st May 2015. [6] E-Law Resources. (2008).Defence of Insanity.Available: www.e-lawresources.co.uk/Insanity. Last accessed 21st May 2015. [7] Centre for Mental Health. (2014).Mental Health and the Criminal Justice System.Available: www.centreformentalhealth.org.uk. Last accessed 21st May 2015.

The Effects Of Sports On Sports Participation - 1631 Words

Sports participation often involves close physical contact, sharing of facilities and equipment which provides an opportunity for the transmission of communicable disease primarily through: ï‚ § Direct Contact. Occurs between an infected person/animal and healthy individual via physical contact with skin, mucosa and other bodily fluids and/or ï‚ § Indirect Contact. Results from contact with contaminated sources such as air, water, soil, food, insects and fomites. (Carney et al., 2010 p.4). This raises concern as physical fitness is an essential RAF requisite; all personnel must maintain a level of fitness that is subject to annual assessment (RAF, 2016). To facilitate this requirement, the RAF provides most Stations with a wide range†¦show more content†¦Viral diseases such as Rhinovirus (common cold), Norovirus and measles can be spread through airborne or droplet transmission as pathogens are expelled from the body through coughing and/or sneezing. Although, people are encouraged to cover the face with their hands when coughing/sneezing this practice can exacerbate spread of infection, 40% of rhinoviruses remain infectious on hands after one hour (NHS, 2015). Infected individuals may inadvertently contaminate individuals and fomites such as; door handles, weights and gym mats through touch. Goldhammer et al’s (2006) study on bacterial and viral contamination of exercise equipment before and after cleaning supports this assumption as viral contaminat ion was found on 63% of hand-contact surfaces of the equipment, with Rhinovirus being the most prominent. Thus indicating that exercise equipment serve as potential fomites in transmission of viral diseases. ï‚ § Skin and Soft Tissue Infections (SSTIs). 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